Method and apparatus for variable video magnification

ABSTRACT

A video camera including a stopped down lens diameter. An opaque material with a small aperture size is placed over the camera lens. The small aperture allows the user to vary the image size of the object to be viewed by moving the camera toward or away from the object. At the same time the blur circle diameter is maintained within acceptable user limits.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to the field of optics. More particularly, theinvention relates to video cameras. In still greater particularity, theinvention relates to variable magnification video cameras. By way offurther characterization, but not by way of limitation thereto, theinvention relates to a variable magnification video camera achieved bymechanically stopping down the aperture size of the lens to allowvariable magnification.

2. Description of the Related Art

Individuals with vision impairment have long sought aids to assist themin reading and performing other functions necessary in daily life. Manytypes of visual impairment caused by retinal deterioration are presentin these individuals. One form of visual impairment is known as maculardegeneration. Macular degeneration primarily occurs in elderly peopleand prohibits them from reading books or newspapers, etc. as well aslabels, prescriptions, or other items which by necessity are desirablefor a comfortable standard of living. Optical magnifying devices of manytypes have been used by these individuals to assist in these necessaryfunctions. However, as retinal deterioration progresses, the limitationson magnifying capability limit the usefulness of these devices.

Video reading systems have become available in recent years. That is,the introduction of video cameras has made closed-circuit televisiondevices useful to enable individuals with visual impairment such asmacular degeneration to function normally. These devices magnify andenhance text or even photographs by displaying them greatly magnified ona video screen. This enables vision impaired individuals to more easilyread text or view images. Available equipment ranges from smallhand-held portable-type devices to large, fixed devices with variablemagnification into which the object or text to be viewed is placed. Formany of these individuals, the small hand-held portable devices are moredesirable. However, these devices tend to be more limited in thefunctions which they are capable of performing. In particular, theability to change magnification in the hand held devices is accomplishedonly through physically changing lenses or changing to a camera with adifferent lens. The ability to quickly change magnification is importantfor ease of use and because the text or image to be viewed may vary insize from word-to-word or line-to-line.

An example of a small hand-held video reading device is presently beingmarketed under the trademark Easy-Reader. This device is available inthree fixed focused lens/camera options of 10 power, 20 power or 30power. The device uses a video camera with a clear plastic extensionwhich is placed against the text or image to be read. The clear plasticextension allows ambient light to fall upon the object to be magnifiedand allows the user to keep the camera the correct distance from thetext or image to maintain correct focus of the text or image. Such adevice is less expensive than a device such as the Chroma CCD offered byTelesensory, Inc. of Mountain View, California. The Chroma CCD modelincludes a fixed viewing system into which the item to be read isplaced. The device then displays the image on a video monitor. Variablemagnification is accomplished by adjusting a knob which controls a zoomlens in the viewing system. Each change of magnification generallyrequires refocusing unless the device is first very carefully focused atthe highest magnification level, a practice which low vision users finddifficult. This device offers the advantage of variable magnification asopposed to the Easy Reader-type device. However, while suited for itsintended purpose, this device requires refocusing, is more cumbersome touse, and is significantly more expensive. That is, the unit is nothand-held or as portable as the Easy Reader device and is two or threetimes as costly. It would be desirable to have a relatively inexpensive,hand-held device which allows variable magnification for the visuallyimpaired user.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is a hand-held video camera which includes a stopped-downoptical lens to increase the depth of field to limits defined by theacceptable blur circle of the user. This allows the user to move thecamera toward or away from the text or image to be viewed therebyobtaining the desired magnification of that text or object. Morespecifically, the lens on the video camera is mechanically stopped downto a smaller aperture size to significantly increase the depth of field.By so doing, the depth of field defined by the acceptable blur circle ofthe visually impaired person is such that the camera may be moved aninch or more and the magnification may be changed thereby over a 4 to 1range while acceptable focus is maintained. By mechanically stoppingdown the lens and increasing the depth of field thereby allowingmovement of the camera the necessity for zoom optics to change themagnification is eliminated. At the same time, the advantages of asmall, less expensive, hand-held device are maintained. The inventionthus allows individuals with macular degeneration or other visionimpairments which cause retinal deterioration to effectively view textor images.

The use of television cameras to project images onto a television screenis known. As previously discussed, such cameras have been previouslyused for vision impaired persons. However, as also previously noted,existing cameras are less than ideal in some situations. While a smallhand-held camera would be preferred by most individuals, the variablemagnification capability found with larger (and more expensive) units isvery desirable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a video camera;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the lens assembly and the opaquematerial;

FIG. 3 illustrates the relationship of object size and image size;

FIG. 4 illustrates the formation of a blur circle;

FIG. 5 illustrates the effect on the blue circle when the effective lensdiameter is reduced; and

FIG. 6 is a perspective of the video camera with added lighting.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring to FIG. 1, the present invention includes a small commerciallyavailable camera 11. One suitable camera is the CX-101 cameramanufactured by Chinon. Another suitable camera is the VM-210XL cameramanufactured by Uniden Corp. Camera 11 includes a lens assembly 12. Lensassembly 12 may hold any one of a number of different focal-lengthlenses as appropriate for the application. With the above-describedChinon camera of the present invention, the lens specifications are asfollows: The effective diameter is approximately 2.15 millimeters andthe focal length is approximately 4.3 millimeters. This camera haspreviously been found useful for security applications and is primarilyused in such applications.

Referring to FIG. 2, the present invention modifies a lens 13 of lensassembly 12 by reducing or stopping down the effective lens diameter.That is, an opaque material 14 such as foil is placed over the rear oflens 13. It has been found that black opaque foil material such asBLACKWRAP™ available from The Great American market in Hollywood, Calif.is an especially preferred material. A small opening 15 is made inmaterial 14 prior to securing it onto lens 13. Opening 15 is very smallin comparison to the lens diameter. For example, in the preferredembodiment, lens 13 has a diameter of 2.15 millimeters while opening 15has a diameter of 0.406 millimeters (0.016 inches) (about the diameterof a pin). Opening 15 may be made by laser cutting or other suitablemethods known in the art. Material 14 is secured onto lens 13 byadhesive or by other suitable attachment means as is known in the art.

The effect of stopping down or reducing the aperture of lens 13 (andlens assembly 12) is two-fold. By reducing the effective aperture oflens 13, the depth of focus is increased. This increased depth of focusallows the camera to be moved closer to, or farther from, the object tobe viewed which respectively increases or decreases the magnification ofthe object while keeping the object in relative focus. In this way, theeffect of a zoom lens is achieved while the cumbersome (and expensive)mechanism associated with a zoom lens is eliminated.

In the preferred embodiment, lens 13 has a focal length of 4.3millimeters while as stated, the aperture diameter in material 14 is0.406 millimeters. Thus, the lens aperture ratio is 0.406 millimetersdivided by 4.3 millimeters or 1/10.6. This is also known as the F numberand is designated as F/10.6. As supplied, lens 13 has a F number of F/2.F numbers of 1.2 to 2 are common today in most television cameras. Thereason for this is that lower F numbers require less light.

FIG. 3 shows an object located at a distance O from a lens with a focallength F, and an image located at a distance I on the opposite side ofthe lens. The spacing of the image and the object are related by thelens formula, which is as follows: one divided by focal length equalsone divided by object distance plus one divided by image distance.

    1/F=1/O+1/I

Based on the relationship of similar triangles, object height is toobject distance as image height is to image distance. This can berestated as image height divided by object height equals image distancedivided by object distance. The term image height divided by objectheight is known as magnification.

    Magnification=M=I/O

As the object distance changes, image height also changes. As the objectis moved farther from the lens, the image becomes smaller, or hasdecreased magnification. Also, if the object is moved closer to thelens, the image becomes larger, or has greater magnification. Amagnification of "one" indicates that the object and image are the samesize. A magnification greater than one means the image is larger thanthe object. A magnification less than one means that the image issmaller than the object.

If a constant image distance is maintained, such as in a camera wherethe lens is a fixed distance from the film or sensing device, moving thelens closer to the object increases the image size, but the image willbecome blurry, since the focused image plane will now be in front of thefilm or sensing device, causing a blur circle. Similarly, if the lens ismoved farther away from the object, image size will decrease, and thefocused image plane will now be behind the film or sensor, causing ablur circle.

Some degree of blur circle, or out-of-focus condition is acceptable tomost individuals. If the size of the blur circle is such that it isgreater than the detail needed to understand the image, then the blurcircle will be unacceptably large. There is therefore, some size of blurcircle which will be acceptable to most individuals.

FIG. 4 shows a lens for which an object at the object plane distance O₀corresponds to a sharply focused image at the image plane distance I₀. Ablur circle at the image plane I₀ is caused by objects farther from andcloser to the lens at distances O_(f) and O_(c),

Referring to triangle ABI_(c) and CI₀ I_(c) ; The distance AB, which isone half of the lens diameter D, is to distance BI_(c) just as one halfof the blur circle is to BI_(c) minus BI₀.

Similarly, referring to triangles ABI_(f) and CI₀ I_(f) ; The distanceAB is to the distance BI_(f) just as one half of the blur circle is toBI₀ minus BI_(f).

Using these basic relationships and combining them with the lensformula, it can be shown that the ratio of lens diameter to blur circlediameter, D divided by B, is as follows: ##EQU1##

Where M_(c) equals the magnification at the image plane at its maximum,when the object is at its closest point to the lens, and M_(f) equalsthe magnification at the image plane at its minimum, when the object isat its farthest point from the lens. It should be noted that thisrelationship is independent of the focal length of the lens and dependsonly upon the maximum and minimum magnifications desired.

Perfect uncorrected visual acuity is defined by the fact that anindividual with 20/20 eyesight has the capability of resolving objectsspaced apart by one minute of arc. If the lens of the eye can focusperfectly, the 1-minute-of-arc limitation is a consequence of theability of the cellular structure of the retina of the eye to perceivedetail. Although this structure differs somewhat from person to person,most young people, with correction for lens defects, can perceive at the1 minute level. The designation 20/20 indicates that an individual cansee at a distance of 20 feet that which a perfectly sighted individualcan see at 20 feet. This translates to a separation of objects by 0.004inches, or the diameter of a human hair, at a distance of 15 inches, andis typical of the finest detail which can be seen by a person with 20/20vision without correction. An individual with 20/40 vision can see at 20feet that which a perfectly sighted individual can see at 40 feet; anindividual with 20/15 vision can see at 20 feet that which a perfectlysighted individual can see at 15 feet. A non-correctable visual acuitylevel of 20/200 is considered legal blindness in the United States. Aperson with non-correctable 20/200 vision can only resolve objectsspaced apart by 10 minutes of arc or greater.

A practical lower limit of resolution needed to function without anydifficulty is about two minutes of arc, and corresponds to a visualacuity of 20/40. With vision worse than 20/40, correction is generallyneeded to function. For most individuals, this correction is possiblewith eyeglasses. Eyeglasses correct for the inability of the lens of theeye to focus correctly. Once this focusing defect is corrected, theability to perceive detail at the 20/20 level is restored.

However, visually impaired individuals, in addition to possible defectsin the focusing ability or clarity of the eye lens, have damage to thecentral and/or other portions of their retina. The central portion ofthe retina, or macula, contains the vision cells required for detailedvision. When central retinal damage exists, correction of only thefocusing ability of the eye lens will not restore vision to the 20/20level since the cells in the retina which are required to perceive thisdetail no longer function. In cases of retinal damage, visual acuity isdetermined by the degree of damage to the retina, and not by thecondition of the eye lens. This damage appears to the individual as ablind-spot, usually, but not exclusively, located at the center of theirvisual field. Just as the ability to perceive detail in a normalindividual is controlled by the limitation of the retina, the limitationin the visually impaired is controlled by the limitation of a damagedretina. Since the retina, and not the lens is the controlling factor,corrections to the focusing ability of the lens by use of eyeglasseswill not restore vision to a 20/20 level. Such individuals havenon-correctable visual impairment.

The severely visually impaired, by definition, have non-correctablevisual acuity of 20/200 or worse, and are considered legally blind. Theyare only capable of separating objects spaced by 10 times the spacing ofa non-vision impaired person, or by 10 minutes of arc. As a result, whena severely visually impaired individual watches a 12 inch television setfrom a distance of 20 inches, they cannot see detail finer than 10minutes of arc at a distance of 20 inches, or slightly less than 1/16inch. Detail any finer than 1/16 inch cannot be distinguished. Thislimitation makes it impossible to read normal printed material, sincethe detail necessary to understand the printed letters is finer than theability to perceive. Under these circumstances, magnification can help.If the printed letters are increased in size, their image on the retinawill be large compared with the retina's ability to perceive detail, orstated differently, the individual's blind-spot is small compared withthe size of the print, and the print can thus be perceived. In earlystages of retinal damage, low magnification, such as 2 times, helps. AT20/200, magnification of 10 times is necessary to restore perception tonormal. However, to achieve even 10 times magnification with an opticalmagnifier, the magnifier must be used in extremely close spacing to thematerial being magnified, and will have a field of view of only one ortwo letters of normal printed material. Both the close spacing and thelimited field of view make such a magnifier extremely difficult to use.Magnifications greater than 10 times are necessary to compensate forvisual impairment greater than 20/200. By definition, for fullcompensation, magnification of 40 times would be necessary to compensatefor visual acuity of 20/800.

The 1/16 inch acuity limitation in the severely visually impaired isequivalent to the ability of a normally sighted individual with 20/20vision to distinguish detail as small as 0.006 inches at the same 20inch distance. As with a normally sighted individual, the acceptableblur circle will be about twice the minimum perceptible, or about 1/8inch. As previously noted, the blur circle only becomes a problem whenit is larger than the detail needed to understand the image. Therefore,although to fully compensate for visual impairment over a range of20/200 to 20/1000 on a 12 inch video monitor magnification from about 10times to about 50 times is needed, acceptable magnification levels canbe half that value, or from about 5 times to about 25 times. This willcorrect vision to 20/40. Such magnifications are easily achievable usinga television camera with the proper lenses and a television set topresent the image. For a larger video monitor such as a 25 inch screenthe magnification would be double or 10 to 50 times. However, since theviewer normally sits farther away from a larger screen, the effect issimilar to that with the 12 inch screen.

In using a television camera to provide magnified images on a televisionset, the image goes through two stages of magnification. The first isthe magnification ratio between the object being viewed by thetelevision camera lens and the image created on the television camerasensing device. The second magnification ratio is the ratio between thesize of the television camera's sensing device and the size of thetelevision set used to view the image. Since an image which completelyfills the television camera's sensing device also fills the televisionscreen, this second magnification ratio is equal to the size of thetelevision set divided by the size of the television camera sensor. Theoverall magnification ratio between the object being viewed by thecamera lens and the image on the television set is the product of thetwo magnification ratios.

As an example, a typical television camera sensing device measures 1/3inch in diameter. Generally, low resolution results from sensing devicesless than 1/3 inch diameter. Generally, sensing devices greater than 2/3inch, although available, are not generally used because of costconsiderations. It should be noted, however, that the disclosedinvention may be utilized with sensing devices of any size. If the imageis to be shown on a 12 inch television set, the second magnificationratio is therefore 12 divided by 1/3, or 36 times. The firstmagnification ratio is determined by the practical overall magnificationnecessary to fully compensate (return effective acuity to 20/20) forindividuals with visual acuities from about 20/120 to 20/480 when usinga 12 inch television set. By definition, this requires magnifications offrom 6 times to 24 times. As a practical matter, individuals need not bereturned to effective 20/20 vision, but can be comfortable with acorrection to 20/40, as previously noted acceptable for mostindividuals. This tolerance increases the effective range ofmagnification so that individuals with vision in the range of 20/60 to20/960, or the full range of people who are visually impaired, canbenefit greatly from magnifications in the range between 6 and 24 times.(Beyond 20/900, an individual is generally considered totally blind.)

If overall magnification ranges from 6 to 24 times, and themagnification from the television camera sensor to the television set is36 times, the magnification ratio range from the object being viewed tothe television camera sensor is 6 divided by 36, or 1/6, to 24 dividedby 36, or 2/3. This means that the image on the sensor of the televisioncamera is actually smaller than the object being viewed by the camera.The overall magnification is therefore 1/6 times 36, or 6 times, to 2/3times 36, or 24 times. With a 2/3 inch sensing device and a 12 inchmonitor the magnification ratio range is 1/3 to 1.33. Similarly, a 1/3inch sensing device and a 24 inch monitor yields a range of 1/12 to 1/3.

Using the ratio of the size of the television set to the size of theimage sensor as 1/36, the 1/8 blur circle on the television screentranslates to a 1/8 inch divided by 36 blur circle on the televisioncamera sensor, or 0.00347 inches.

Using the equation for lens diameter to blur circle ratio, D/B, andsubstituting magnification ratios of 1/6 minimum and 2/3 maximum, a D/Bratio of 5.667 is calculated. Multiplying this ratio by the acceptableblur circle for visually impaired individuals of 0.00347 inches at thetelevision camera sensor yields a maximum lens diameter of 0.019 inches.This lens diameter is the maximum possible to achieve magnificationsover the range from 6 to 24 times on a 12 inch television set whilemaintaining an acceptable blur circle of 1/8 inch on the television set.FIG. 5 demonstrates how the blur circle is reduced to an acceptable sizeby reduction in the size of the lens aperture. That is, the lensaperture of FIG. 4 is stopped down to a reduced lens aperture in FIG. 5by using an opaque material 15. This allows the blur circle to be keptat an acceptable diameter while allowing the image and object distancesto remain the same as FIG. 4 thus maintaining the desired magnificationrange.

In actual practice, it is possible to reduce lens diameters below thismaximum level to improve resolution. In the present embodiment of thiscamera, the lens diameter is actually 0.016 inches, resulting in a blurcircle on the television screen of about 0.1 inches, substantially belowthat perceptible by visually impaired individuals, and enabling amagnification range of from 6 to 24 times simply by moving the cameracloser to or farther away from the object being viewed, without anynecessity to refocus the lens, and without the need to use expensivezoom lenses.

A practical embodiment of the application of these premises uses aChinon CX101 camera; a lens with a focal length of 4.3 mm; astopped-down aperture of 0.406 millimeters and a light source capable ofproviding sufficient light for the reduced aperture resulting in theability to move the camera over a distance of almost 1 inch whilemaintaining focus within a blur-circle to focal length ratio of 0.01",well within the acceptable range for a person with 20/200 vision. Movingthe camera through this range results in image size changes which, whenviewed on a 12 inch TV set, range from magnifications of 6 times theviewed object to 24 times the viewed object. Such magnifications aregreater than those for usual optical devices, and are sufficient tocompensate for most visual impairment caused by loss of visual acuity.

The effect of the above is that the user is free to change themagnification of the image displayed on the television screen over a 4to 1 range simply by moving the camera a one inch distance toward oraway from the object being viewed. In addition to allowing the user toselect a preferred magnification this capability allows the user toeffectively read type which changes in size without the cumbersome taskof readjusting a zoom lens or physically changing camera lenses. Thatis, if in the same page of text or image the print size or image sizevaries such that the user desires to maintain the same size image on thevideo screen, he or she may do so simply by moving the camera toward oraway from the object rather than being required to adjust a zoom lens orphysically change lenses or cameras. For prior art hand-held devices notcontaining a zoom lens such change in magnification is not possiblewithin the acceptable blur circle boundaries. That is, if the prior artcamera is moved toward or away from the object to be magnified, theimage quickly goes so badly out of focus such that the image isunreadable even to a visually normal person.

The one difficulty which may be created by reducing the aperturediameter is that less light is transmitted into the camera. Thetransmitting power of a lens is characterized by the ratio of thediameter of the effective aperture to the focal length. This is calledthe lens aperture ratio or relative aperture of the lens. In the presentcase with the Chinon camera the lens aperture ratio, the so-called Fnumber, is F/2 as supplied. After the aperture has been stopped down bymaterial 14 to 0.406 millimeters, the F number is approximately F/10.6.Because an aperture with half the diameter has only a quarter of thearea of the initial aperture and, therefore, admits only a quarter ofthe initial amount of light into the camera, the ratio of F number tothe light required is such that each increase in F number by a factor of√2 corresponds to a reduction of about one-half of the lighttransmitting power of the lens. By increasing the F number from F/2 assupplied to approximately F/10.6, approximately 28 times as much lightis needed for the same quality of picture. That is, F/2 lens isapproximately 28 times "faster" then a F/10.6 lens. Thus, an additionallight source may be needed in the present invention to allow viewing ofan object. Referring to FIG. 6, camera 11 is shown in a housing with theaddition of light unit 16. This light unit incorporates commerciallyavailable cold-cathode fluorescent lights, such as are used forback-lighting Liquid Crystal Displays in portable computers. These lampsare mounted in a clear plastic housing, positioned in a triangularpattern around lens 13 and fastened to the housing 11. This lightingunit provides close-up illumination of the objects to be magnified andprovides sufficient light to compensate for the increase in F/number.

As stated above, the invention described herein allows visually impairedpeople with retinal deterioration to use a small hand-held video camerato view text or other images on a television screen with the additionalcapability of changing the magnification of the image viewed on thetelevision screen simply by moving the camera toward or away from thetext or image. The result is a small hand-held device which isrelatively inexpensive and offers the features of much larger deviceswith the convenience of the small portable hand-held device.

While the disclosure is made with respect to a preferred embodimentthereof, changes or modifications may be made which are within the fullintended scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Forexample, different cameras and lenses may be utilized. In addition,while the invention disclosed herein utilizes additional lighting, suchmay not always be required. Improvements in video cameras with respectto light sensitivity are such that it is anticipated that future smallvideo cameras which may be utilized with the present invention will belight sensitive enough such that the additional lighting will not berequired. In addition, while the preferred embodiment of the inventionutilizes a Chinon camera, it is not to be so limited as other camerassuch as the above-mentioned Uniden camera or others may be utilized.While disclosed for use with a 12 inch monitor, it should be appreciatedthat the invention may be used with larger or smaller screens. Asdiscussed, the actual magnification would vary with screen size.However, at least a two-to-one magification range can be maintained withthe present invention while maintaining an acceptable blur circle ratio.The invention resides in the stopping down of the aperture size to allowgreater depth of focus and camera movement to change magnificationwithin the acceptable blur circle of the visually impaired person.

What is claimed is:
 1. In a device for the visually impaired, a videocamera including a lens assembly and an image sensing device wherebylight rays from an object defined by an object size are transmittedalong an optical axis onto said image sensing device as an image afterpassing through said lens assembly, said image sensing devicecooperative with said video camera to project said image onto a videomonitor said projected image defined by an image size, whereby movementof said video camera toward or away from said object results in varyingsaid image size with respect to said object size, the improvementcomprising:an opaque material positioned adjacent to said lens assembly,substantially perpendicular to the optical axis of said lens assembly,said opaque material having an aperture of a predetermined sizesubstantially centered on the optical axis of said lens assembly, suchthat the ratio of said image size to said object size is varied from atleast 2 to 1 while said projected image is maintained within anacceptable blur circle diameter of 1% of the screen size of the videomonitor.
 2. A video camera according to claim 1 wherein said videomonitor includes a 12 inch diagonal screen.
 3. A video camera accordingto claim 2 wherein said image size is varied from about 6 to about 24times said object size.
 4. A video camera according to claim 1 whereinsaid video monitor includes a 25 inch diagonal screen.
 5. A video cameraaccording to claim 4 wherein said image size is varied from about 10 toabout 50 times of said object size.
 6. A video camera according to claim1 wherein said blur circle diameter is about 0.1 inches.
 7. A videocamera according to claim 1, further including a light sourceoperatively associated with said video camera.
 8. In a device for thevisually impaired, a method for viewing an object defined by an objectsize including the steps of positioning a video camera in a path toreceive light rays from said object, transmitting said light raysthrough a lens assembly on said video camera, sensing said light rays,projecting said sensed light rays onto a video screen as an imagedefined by image size, and moving said video camera toward or away fromsaid object to vary said image size on said video screen, theimprovement comprising: an opaque material positioned adjacent to saidlens assembly, substantially perpendicular to the optical axis of saidlens assembly, said opaque material having an aperture of apredetermined size substantially centered on the optical axis of saidlens assembly;stopping down the aperture size of said lens assembly suchthat the ratio of said image size to said object size is at least 2 to 1while said projected image is maintained within an acceptable blurcircle of 1% of the screen size of the video monitor diameter.
 9. Methodaccording to claim 8 wherein said video monitor includes a 12 inchdiagonal screen.
 10. Method according to claim 8 wherein the aforesaidstep of moving includes varying the distance of said lens assembly fromsaid object over a range of about one inch.
 11. Method according toclaim 8 wherein said image size is varied from about 6 to 24 times saidobject size.
 12. Method according to claim 10 wherein said image size isvaried from about 6 to 24 times said object size.
 13. Method accordingto claim 8 wherein said blur circle diameter is about 0.1 inch.